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- Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) - Symptoms and causes
Oppositional and defiant behaviors are frequent and ongoing They cause severe problems with relationships, social activities, school and work, for both the child and the family
- Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) - Mayo Clinic
Treatment for oppositional defiant disorder primarily involves family-based interventions But treatment may include other types of talk therapy and training for your child — as well as for parents
- Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) - Mayo Clinic
But oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) includes a frequent and ongoing pattern of anger, irritability, arguing and defiance toward parents and other authority figures
- 对立违抗性障碍（ODD） - 症状与病因 - 妙佑医疗国际
症状 有时，很难区分意志坚强或情绪激动的儿童与产生对立违抗性障碍的儿童。孩子在成长的某些阶段表现出逆反的行为是很常见的。 ODD 的症状通常开始于学龄前。有时 ODD 可能出现得较晚，但几乎都出现在青少年早期。频繁、持续地出现对立和违抗行为。给孩子和家庭的人际关系、社会活动
- Trastorno negativista desafiante - Síntomas y causas - Mayo Clinic
Dulcan MK, ed Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder In: Dulcan's Textbook of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 3rd ed American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2021 https: psychiatryonline org Accessed Oct 12, 2022
- Trastorno negativista desafiante - Mayo Clinic
Kaur M, et al Oppositional defiant disorder: Evidence-based review of behavioral treatment programs Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 2022; doi:10 12788 acp 0056
- اضطراب التحدي المعارض (ODD) - Mayo Clinic
الأسباب لا يوجد سبب واضح معروف لاضطراب التحدي المعارض لكن قد تشمل الأسباب مزيجًا من العوامل الوراثية والعوامل البيئية: الأسباب الوراثية قد تسهم شخصية الطفل الطبيعية أو سِماته - التي تُسمى أيضًا بالمِزاج- في الإصابة
- 对立违抗性障碍（ODD） - 诊断与治疗 - 妙佑医疗国际
Kaur M, et al Oppositional defiant disorder: Evidence-based review of behavioral treatment programs Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 2022; doi:10 12788 acp 0056 Medical review (expert opinion) Mayo Clinic Nov 25, 2022
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