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Feldspar - Encyclopedia. com Feldspar Feldspar is the most common mineral on Earth [1], constituting approximately 60% of the crust It forms directly from cooling magma and is a major component of granite and most other igneous rocks
feldspars - Encyclopedia. com feldspars The most important group of rock-forming silicate minerals, including the alkali feldspars KAlSi 3 O 8 to NaAlSi 3 O 8 (K-feldspar to albite) and the plagioclase feldspars NaAlSi 3 O 8 to CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 ( albite to anorthite) The potassium, sodium, and calcium end-members can be taken to represent the three apices of an equilateral triangle into which all the alkali feldspars and
Plagioclases | Encyclopedia. com plagioclase feldspar One of the most important rock-forming silicate minerals with the general formula (Na,Ca) (Al) 1–2 (Si) 2–3 O 8 There is a solid solution series (see PLAGIOCLASE SERIES) between the two end-members albite (Ab) (NaAlSi 3 O 8) and anorthite (An) (CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8), and the percentage of calcium end-member present is used to subdivide the series into a number of
Bowens Reaction Series - Encyclopedia. com The continuous arm of Bowen's reaction series represents the formation of feldspar (plagioclase ) in a continuous and gradual series that starts with calcium rich feldspar (Cafeldspar, CaAlSiO) and continues with a gradual increase in the formation of sodium containing feldspar (Ca-Na-feldspar, CaNaAlSiO) until an equilibrium is established at
Basalt | Encyclopedia. com Basalt Basalt is a mafic volcanic rock consisting primarily of plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene minerals Common accessory minerals can include other pyroxenes, olivine , quartz , and nepheline Basalt is the volcanic equivalent of the plutonic rock gabbro, and as such has a low silica content (48% – 52%) Like other volcanic rocks, basalt cools quickly after it erupts and therefore
Mohs’ Scale - Encyclopedia. com Mohs ’ Scale Mohs ’ scale, sometimes also called Mohs ’ hardness scale or Mohs ’ scale of mineral hardness, provides an index and relative measure of mineral hardness (i e , resistance to abrasion) The scale characterizes mineral harness by deciding a harder mineral ’ s ability to scratch a softer mineral It is one of several measures of hardness used in materials science In 1812
Granite | Encyclopedia. com Granite Granite, which makes up 70 – 80% of Earth 's crust , is an igneous rock formed of interlocking crystals of quartz , feldspar , mica, and other minerals in lesser quantities Large masses of granite are a major ingredient of mountain ranges Granite is a plutonic rock, meaning that it forms deep underground Slow cooling gives atoms time to migrate to the surfaces of growing crystals
alkali feldspar - Encyclopedia. com alkali feldspar A group of silicate minerals that contain the alkali metal elements potassium and sodium The normal feldspar minerals (including the calcium-bearing varieties) can be plotted on a chemical basis into a triangle which has KAlSi 3 O 8 (potassium feldspar, sanidine, orthoclase (Or), or microcline), NaAlSi 3 O 8 (sodium feldspar, albite, or Ab), and CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 (calcium
Bowen’s reaction series - Encyclopedia. com The continuous arm of Bowen ’ s reaction series represents the formation of feldspar (plagioclase) in a continuous and gradual series that starts with calcium rich feldspar (Ca-feldspar, CaAlSiO) and continues with a gradual increase in the formation of sodium containing feldspar (Ca-Na-feldspar, CaNaAlSiO) until an equilibrium is established
Sand | Encyclopedia. com The most common sand is composed of particles of quartz and feldspar Quartz sand particles are colorless or slightly pink, while feldspar sand has a pink or amber color Black sands, such as those found in Hawaii, are composed of particles of obsidian formed by volcanic activity Other black sands include materials such as magnetite and homblende